单    位

：

基础医学院

教 研 室

：

人体解剖学

姓    名

：

课程名称

：

系统解剖学

课程

名称

中文名称

系统解剖学

英文名称

Systematic  Anatomy

课程

简介

系统解剖学是按人体功能系统研究人体正常形态结构的科学，阐述各器官、系统的形态结构在人体的配布和相互关系。其主要任务是；在总的培养目标下通过人体形态结构的学习，为其它医学基础课、临床课以及临床实践打下了坚实的基础。

对教

师的

要求

1.教师必需严肃认真地备课，精通本学科的内容，同时必需熟悉相关课程，教学中做到能宏观与微观相结合，形态与功能相结合，基础与临床相结合。

2.教师必需深入研究教材，根据各专业培养目标和课程设置认真研究教学内容，分层次分专业教学，充分发挥学生的主体作用，激发其求知欲望，培养学生的自学能力。

3.在教学过程中，教师应注重学生综合分析、解决问题能力和实践技能的培养，注重学生创新意识和思想品德的培养。

教材

选用

1.柏树令主编.系统解剖学.第6版,人民卫生出版社,2004年7月.

2.Fang Xiubin chief editors. Human Anatomy  thid edition.2002年7月

参考

书籍

与常

用网

地址

参考书籍：

1.Human Anatomy  (thid edition)

2. Regional Anatomy

3.人体解剖学彩色图谱

4.临床解剖学

5.美容解剖学

网络课件与常用网址：

1.大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国解剖学学会http://www.anatsoc.org.uk/

2．美国国家医学图书馆的可视人体教学资源：http: //www. nlm nih. Gov /research /visible /visible_human.html

3．华盛顿大学的数字解剖学

http://www1.biostr.washington.edu/DigitalAnatomist.html

4．杜克大学的交互性解剖课程：http://www.vesalius.com/

                  The Respiratory System

Composition：

Respiratory tract

Nose

Pharynx    upper respiratory tract

Larynx

Trachea  

                      lower respiratory tract

Bronchi

Lungs-paired organs of respiration

 Function:

supply the body with oxygen   and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism

一 The Nose 鼻

1 External nose:

Root of nose

Back of nose

Apex of nose

Alae of nasi

Nasal cavity –divided into two halves by nasal septum

2 Two parts: Divided by limen nasi 鼻阈

Nasal vestibule

Proper nasal cavity

3  Boundaries： 

Roof－cribriform plate of ethmoid

Floor－hard palate

Medial wall－nasal septum

4 Lateral wall：

Nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior

Nasal meatus: superor, middle and inferior

Sphenoethmoidal recess

5 Remove the middle nasal conchae

Semilunar hiatus 半月裂孔

Ethmoidal infundibulum 筛漏斗

Ethmoidal bulla 筛泡

6 Mucous membrane of nose

Olfactory region嗅区: located upper nasal cavity, above superior，nasal conchae，contains olfactory cells 

Respiratory region 呼吸区: its function is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air

7 The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose。

二 The Larynx 喉

1 Position

situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C4 to C6

2 Layngeal cartilages 喉软骨

① Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨

Shield-shaped cartilage

Laryngeal prominence at base of thyroid notch

Superior thyroid notch, superior and inferior cornua

② Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨

Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like a signet ring)

Arch of cricoid cartilage－at level of C6

Larnina of cricoid cartilage

③Arytenoid 杓状软骨

Paired, pyramid shaped, articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage

Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal fold

Muscular process

④Epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨

leaf-shaped elastic cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue

3 Laryngeal joints：

cricothyroid joint

cricoarytenoid joint

4 Laryngeal ligaments and membrane

①Thyrohyroid membrane 甲状舌骨膜－extending from hyoid bone to

thyroid cartilage。

② Quadrangular membrane 方形膜

Between epiglottic, thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

Lower free border forms vestibular ligament 前庭韧带

③ Conus elasticus 弹性圆锥

Between arytenoids, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages

Upper free border forms vocal ligament 声韧带

Median cricothyroid ligment 环甲正中韧带：may be site of circothyrotomy during acute respiratory obstruction

④Cricotracheal ligament 环状软骨气管韧带－between cricoid cartilage and first ring of trachea

5  Muscles of larynx

Increasing tension on the vocal ligament－cricothyroid

Decreasing tension on the vocal ligament－thyroarytenoid

Opening the glottis－posterior cricoarytenoid

Closing the glottis－ cricoarytenoid

6  Laryngeal cavity

 Aperture of larynx 喉口－bounded by upper border epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch。

Structure features：

① Two pairs of shelf like folds : Vestibular folds 前庭襞；Vocal folds 声襞

② Two fissures：Rima vestibulithe 前庭裂；Fissure of glottis 声门裂

Inter membranous part膜间部－anterior 3/5, between vocal-folds

Inter cartilagrnous part 软骨间部－posterior 2/5, between arytenoids cartilages

7  Three parts

①Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭

Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli

Tubercle of epiglottis 会厌结节

②Intermedial cavity of larynx喉中间腔

Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis

Ventricle of larynx 喉室 －a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side

③Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔

extends from the level of the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

三  The Trachea 气管

1  Position:

extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4－T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi

2  Structure features：

①Consists of about 16－20 C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages for patency connected by smooth muscle and connective

②Carina of trachea 气管隆嵴 －ridge of cartilage at bifurcation into principal bronchi

四 Bronchi 支气管

 1  Right principal bronchus 右主支气管

① Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left , is about 2.5cm long, Leaves the extend line of the middle line of trachea at 22～25o angle。

② Foreign bodies are therefore more likely to lodge in this bronchus or one of its branches。

2  Left principal bronchus 左主支气管

Narrower, longer, and more horizontal than the right is about 5cm long, leaves the extend line of the middle line o trachea at about 35～36o angle。

五 The Lungs 肺

1  Position: located in the thoracic cavity by both sides of mediastinum

2  General features：

① Cone-shaped, the right lung is shorter and broader, the left one is longer and narrower。

② Apex of lung－rises 2 ～3 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neck

③ Base－concave, related to diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface

④ Costal surface－large, convex, related to thoracic wall

⑤ Medial surface－concave, related to mediastinum and vertebrae

3  Hilum of lung 肺门：area on medial surface where structures in root enter or leave lung

4  Root of lung 肺根

①  Contents：

Principal bronchus

Pulmonary artery and vein

Nerves and lymphatics

②  Surrounded by connective tissue 

③  Order of structures in the root of lung

From before backward:  V.A. B.

From above downward:  R.－B. A. V.； L.－A. B. V.

④  Borders：

Posterior－blunt

Inferior－ sharp

Anterior－sharp

cardiac notch心切迹

lingual in left lung 左肺小舌

⑤ Lobes and Fissure

Right lung：

Two fissures : horizontal an oblique

Three lobes : superior, middle, inferior

Left lung：

One fissure : oblique

Two lobes : superior and inferior

5  Bronchial tree支气管树

      Each principal bronchus divides into lobar bronchi (two on the left, three on the right), each of which supplies a lobe of lung. Each lobar bronchus then divided into segmental bronchi, which supply specific segments of the lung.

6  Bronchopulmonary segments支气管肺段

① Wedge shaped, with the base lying peripherally and the apex lying towards the root of lungs, ten in each lung。

② Each with a segmental bronchus and branches of pulmonary artery。

③ The veins lie both in and between segments。

六 The Pleura 胸膜

1  General features：

① Serous membranes forming closed sacs

② Two layers：

Visceral pleura－adheres to lung, continuous with parietal pleura at root of lung。

Parietal pleura－lines the thoracic cavity。

     Two pleural layers continue with each other at root of lung forming closed 。

2 potential space－pleural cavity 胸膜腔：

①  Contains a small amount pleural fluid

②  Subatmospheric pressure in it

3  Named parts of parietal pleura

①  Cupula of pleura 胸膜顶－extends up into the neck, over the apex of

lung, 2～3cm above the medial third of clavicle。

②  Costal pleura 肋胸膜－lines the inner surface of the wall of the chest。

③  Mediastinal pleura 纵隔胸膜－Lines mediastinum ；Pulmonary ligament 肺韧带，redundant pleura at root of lung,which extends downward, allows movement of structures forming root of lung

④  Diaphragmatic pleura 膈胸膜－Lines diaphragm

4  Pleura recesses 胸膜隐窝－potential spaces of pleural cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respiration。

① Costodiaphragmatic recesse肋膈隐窝－are the slit-like intervals between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest point of pleural cavity。

② Costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝－on the left side between the mediastinal pleural and costal pleura。

七 The surface projection of lower border of lung and pleurae